GLP-3 R treatment in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: renal inflammatory cytokines, HIF‑1α expression, and histopathological injury profile.

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were split into four groups: controls, streptozotocin-diabetic rats, diabetic rats given GLP-3 R, and rats given GLP-3 R alone. Diabetes was induced with a single streptozotocin injection, and GLP-3 R was given for 21 days. Kidney tissue was then tested by ELISA for interleukin-1β and TNF-α, by quantitative real-time PCR for HIF-1α expression, and by semi-quantitative histopathological scoring of cortical and medullary features including haemorrhage, tubular dilatation, inflammatory cell infiltration, tubular vacuolisation, interstitial fibrosis and intraluminal debris.

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